Aniracetam: The Ultimate Nootropic for Social Anxiety Relief?

Have you ever found yourself caught between the calm solitude of introversion and the uneasy grip of social anxiety? You’re not alone. Many of us navigate the tightrope of social interactions, seeking a balance between our innate preferences and the challenges of social fears. But here’s a thought: What if there was a way to make those social hurdles a tad more manageable? I’ve been diving into Aniracetam, a nootropic that’s gaining attention not just for boosting brainpower but potentially easing those social tensions. Could Aniracetam be the bridge between our introverted selves and the world outside, offering a helping hand in those moments of social unease? Let’s journey together into this intriguing possibility and see if it holds the key to a more confident social you. Ready to explore?

“Emerging research from Japan has highlighted Aniracetam’s potential in addressing emotional disturbances, notably anxiety and mood fluctuations, positioning it as a promising candidate in the realm of cognitive enhancers.”

What is Aniracetam?

Aniracetam, a distinguished member of the racetam family, also shines as an ampakine nootropic, making it a dual threat in the cognitive enhancement arena. While it’s kin to Piracetam, the trailblazer of the racetam clan, Aniracetam’s potency outstrips it by several notches. Its secret weapon? Its fat-solubility. For those of us not fluent in biochemistry, this means Aniracetam gets absorbed via the body’s fats, leading to a more prolonged release and enduring impact. This trait not only supercharges its cognitive-boosting capabilities but also underscores its potential in tackling issues like social anxiety and refining verbal prowess. As we journey further into the Aniracetam realm, we’ll discover its diverse advantages, from supercharging brain function to potentially smoothing out social interactions. Bottom line? Aniracetam, with its ampakine nootropic edge, is a formidable contender in the world of brain enhancers, promising both mental clarity and a balm for social challenges.

The History of Aniracetam

Aniracetam, a name that resonates with those delving into cognitive enhancers, has a history as intriguing as its effects. Born from the same pyrrolidone structure as its predecessor, Piracetam, Aniracetam is a testament to the evolution of nootropics.

So, where did this journey begin? The 1970s marked the birth of Aniracetam, with its roots tracing back to Belgium. Crafted by the pharmaceutical giant Hoffmann-La Roche, this compound was initially designed to address issues of cognitive decline and memory impairments. The goal? To offer a more potent alternative to Piracetam, and in this endeavor, Aniracetam didn’t disappoint.

But it wasn’t just about potency. Aniracetam brought to the table unique properties, distinguishing itself from its predecessor. While Piracetam laid the groundwork, Aniracetam expanded the horizon, showing potential in areas like mood enhancement and anxiety reduction.

Aniracetam and Social Anxiety: A Deep Dive

Alright, now that we’ve got a grip on what Aniracetam is all about, let’s pivot to a topic that’s close to many of our hearts: social anxiety. Is it just a fancy term for introversion, or is there more to the story? And more importantly, how does Aniracetam fit into this narrative?

Social Anxiety vs. Introversion

At the outset, let’s clear up a common misconception. Being an introvert and experiencing social anxiety isn’t the same thing. Introversion is a personality trait where one might prefer smaller gatherings and cherish alone time. Social anxiety, on the other hand, is a genuine fear or dread of social situations. It’s not about preference; it’s about a feeling of unease or even panic in social settings.

Now, where does Aniracetam come into play?

The Science Behind Aniracetam’s Potential

Aniracetam, with its ampakine nootropic properties, has shown promise in addressing emotional disturbances. Studies, particularly from Japan, have highlighted its potential in mitigating symptoms of anxiety and mood fluctuations. Its fat-soluble nature ensures a steady release in the system, potentially providing a consistent buffer against anxiety triggers.

Moreover, Aniracetam’s interaction with various neurotransmitters, especially its modulation of AMPA receptors, suggests a positive influence on mood and emotional well-being. This modulation can lead to enhanced synaptic communication, which might play a role in alleviating feelings of anxiety.

Real-World Implications

So, what does this all mean for someone grappling with social anxiety? While it’s essential to approach with caution and understand that Aniracetam isn’t a magic bullet for neurological disorders, the compound’s properties suggest it could offer some relief. By potentially stabilizing mood and reducing anxiety spikes, Aniracetam might just make social situations a bit more navigable.

My Take

You know, diving into the world of Aniracetam was a bit of an experiment for me. I remember this one day after my usual gym session. Normally, I’d just do my thing and head out, but that day felt a bit sharper. It’s like I was more tuned into my surroundings, catching those little details I’d often overlook.

Then at work, chatting with coworkers, things just seemed to click better. I wasn’t hunting for words or trying to piece together my thoughts. They just flowed. It wasn’t some dramatic change, but it was like I had this subtle edge, and it felt good. A couple of the guys even mentioned I seemed more on point.

The game-changer? I’d taken a combo of 750mg of Aniracetam and about 1000mg of citicoline that morning. It wasn’t like I was on some high or anything. It was more of a gentle clarity, especially when talking with others. Conversations just felt smoother and more natural.

I took the same stack later in the day, and it kept that steady vibe going. Aniracetam didn’t make me feel out of place or too amped up. It was just this subtle boost that made things a bit easier.

So, that’s my take on the whole Aniracetam and citicoline thing. It’s been a solid addition to my day. It’s nothing over the top, but it’s definitely noticeable. If you’re curious, maybe give it a whirl and see how it vibes with you.

Aniracetam vs. Piracetam: A Head-to-Head Showdown

Dive into the world of nootropics, and two names often rise to the top: Aniracetam and Piracetam. Both hail from the Racetam family, but they have unique twists.

Origin Story: Aniracetam, crafted by the Swiss powerhouse F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG in the late ’70s, is essentially Piracetam’s younger, bolder cousin.

The Solubility Showdown: Here’s where things get interesting. Aniracetam is fat-soluble, letting it cruise smoothly across the blood-brain barrier. Piracetam, on the other hand, is water-soluble, taking a different route to the brain.

Speed vs. Stamina: Aniracetam hits the ground running, working its magic faster in the brain, thanks to its top-notch bioavailability. But here’s the catch – it’s like a sprinter, quick but short-lived. Piracetam? It’s the marathon runner, taking its time but lasting longer.

Potency Puzzle: Aniracetam’s strength feels like a brain teaser. Most of it gets lost in the liver’s maze during digestion, leaving a mere 0.2% for the brain. In contrast, Piracetam is like an open book, with nearly 100% bioavailability.

Shared Strengths: Both these cognitive enhancers pack a punch. They’re guardians of the brain, offering neuroprotection, boosting learning, and patching up brain damage.

Aniracetam’s Ace: While both racetams are champs in their own right, Aniracetam has a few extra tricks up its sleeve. It’s the social butterfly, easing anxiety and depression, and ramping up sociability. A hint? It might be mingling with the brain’s dopamine and serotonin receptors.

In the grand arena of smart drugs, Aniracetam and Piracetam are heavyweight contenders, each with its unique flair. Whether you’re looking to boost brain function or enhance mental performance, understanding their differences is key.

The Science of Aniracetam

Aniracetam belongs to the family of nootropics, substances designed to boost cognitive functions. Here’s a more in-depth look at its action in the brain:


Metabolites and Their Roles

Think of metabolites as the active ingredients in a recipe. They’re the components that give Aniracetam its unique properties.

  • N-anisoyl-GABA: This is the main ingredient, making up a hefty 70-80% of Aniracetam. It’s the driving force behind many of the drug’s effects on cognitive function.

  • 2-Pyrrolidinone and p-anisilic acid: These are like the spices in the recipe, accounting for 20-30% of Aniracetam. They add depth, especially influencing the brain’s glutamate system.


Understanding Neurotransmitters

Before diving into Aniracetam’s effects on neurotransmitters, let’s quickly understand what these neurotransmitters are:

  • Glutamate: The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, crucial for cognitive functions like learning and memory.

  • Dopamine and Serotonin: These are often termed “feel-good” neurotransmitters. They play a significant role in mood regulation, pleasure, and reward mechanisms.

  • Acetylcholine: Essential for learning and memory.

  • GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a role in mood regulation and anxiety reduction.


Glutamate System Impact

Studies have shown that Aniracetam can enhance the effects of glutamate, a crucial neurotransmitter in the brain. It does this by reducing the desensitization of glutamate receptors. Think of it as keeping the brain’s communication lines more open and responsive.

Real-World Impact: What does this mean for you? Faster and more efficient brain function. Aniracetam ensures that the brain’s fast excitatory transmissions (those rapid signals your brain sends) are supercharged. It’s like upgrading your brain’s internal Wi-Fi for a stronger, faster connection.


Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors

Beyond stimulating effects and boosting cognitive functions, Aniracetam also has a positive impact on mood and sociability. It influences dopamine and serotonin receptors. A study in the European Journal of Pharmacology highlighted Aniracetam’s anti-anxiety effects, showcasing its influence on these neurotransmitters.


Effects on Acetylcholine and GABA Receptors

Acetylcholine: Aniracetam boosts the release of acetylcholine in the brain, enhancing cognitive functions linked to this neurotransmitter.

GABA Receptors: Aniracetam’s relationship with GABA receptors is fascinating. While its primary target is glutamate receptors, research from Cerebral Cortex indicates a secondary effect on GABA receptors^2. This dual action suggests Aniracetam’s potential in mood regulation and anxiety reduction.

How Does Aniracetam Make You Feel?

Diving into the world of nootropics, one can’t help but wonder about the firsthand experiences of those who’ve ventured before. Aniracetam, a popular choice among neurohackers, has garnered a reputation for its distinct effects on cognition and mood. But what does it genuinely feel like?

The Immediate Sensation:
For many, Aniracetam kicks in relatively quickly, often within 30 minutes to an hour after ingestion. This rapid onset is a testament to its fat-soluble nature, allowing it to cross the blood-brain barrier efficiently.

Duration of Effects:
Typically, the effects of Aniracetam can last anywhere from 2 to 4 hours. However, as I’ve personally experienced, combining it with citicoline and engaging in physical activity, like working out, can amplify and prolong these effects. There’s something about getting the blood pumping and being around people that seems to enhance Aniracetam’s impact. Perhaps it’s the synergy of increased blood flow and the drug’s mechanism of action, but the social and physical stimulation undeniably boosts its efficacy.

The Aniracetam Experience:
Most users report a heightened sense of alertness and clarity. It’s like the fog lifting on a misty morning, revealing a sharper, more vibrant world. Conversations flow more effortlessly, with words coming to mind quicker than usual. There’s also a notable reduction in social anxiety, making interactions feel more natural and less forced.

For some, there’s a subtle mood elevation – not an intense euphoria, but a gentle uplift, making the day seem a tad brighter. This mood enhancement can be particularly beneficial for those facing the challenges of social anxiety or mood fluctuations.

A Personal Touch:
Revisiting my own experience, I noticed a significant difference when I combined Aniracetam with citicoline and physical activity. On days when I’d just work from home, the effects were present but more subdued. However, on days when I hit the gym and interacted with people, the benefits were amplified. It felt like the perfect blend of mental sharpness and social ease.

In conclusion, Aniracetam offers a unique cognitive and mood-enhancing experience. While individual reactions can vary, the consensus leans towards improved mental clarity, reduced social anxiety, and a subtle mood boost. As with any supplement, it’s essential to find the right combination and setting that works best for you. And always remember, while the collective reviews and studies provide valuable insights, personal experiences can be the most telling.

Benefits of Taking Aniracetam

Aniracetam, a standout in the racetam family of nootropics, has been the subject of numerous studies, clinical research, and user testimonials. Its benefits are diverse, ranging from cognitive enhancement to mood regulation. Here’s a breakdown of the scientifically-backed benefits of Aniracetam:

  1. Cognitive Enhancement: Aniracetam is renowned for its ability to boost brain function. Users often report improved mental clarity, focus, and an enhanced ability to process information.

  2. Memory Improvement: Studies have shown that Aniracetam can positively influence learning and memory. It’s particularly beneficial for working memory, allowing users to retain and process information more efficiently.

  3. Mood Regulation: Aniracetam has been linked to improved mood and reduced symptoms of depression. Its influence on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain plays a pivotal role in this.

  4. Social Anxiety Relief: As discussed earlier, many users, including myself, have noted a decrease in social anxiety. This makes social interactions smoother and more enjoyable.

  5. Enhanced Verbal Fluidity: A notable benefit for many is the increased ease in conversation. Finding the right words becomes less of a struggle, making communication more fluid.

  6. Neuroprotection: Aniracetam offers protection to brain cells, aiding in neural protection and repair, especially after brain injuries.

  7. Stimulation and Alertness: Unlike some other nootropics that might induce relaxation or drowsiness, Aniracetam tends to provide a stimulating effect. This alert mental state is particularly beneficial during tasks that require focus and attention.

  8. Improved Sensory Perception: Some users have reported enhanced sensory experiences, such as sharper visuals or more distinct auditory sensations.

  9. Reduction in Symptoms of ADHD: While not a primary treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, some reports suggest Aniracetam can help manage symptoms, improving attention and reducing impulsivity.

  10. Enhanced Creativity: An often-overlooked benefit is the potential boost in creativity. The improved cognitive function and mood can pave the way for more innovative thinking.

Incorporating Aniracetam into one’s routine can offer a range of benefits, from sharpening cognitive functions to enhancing mood and sociability. However, as with any supplement, it’s essential to approach with caution, understanding that individual experiences may vary. Always consult with a healthcare professional before diving into the world of nootropics.

Randomized Controlled Trials on Aniracetam: A Closer Look

When diving into the world of nootropics, it’s crucial to base our understanding on solid, scientific evidence. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in this realm, offering unbiased insights into a drug’s efficacy and safety. Aniracetam, a prominent figure in the nootropic community, has been the subject of systematic reviews and various RCTs. Let’s delve into these studies to uncover the true potential and benefits of Aniracetam.

1. Aniracetam’s Potential for Cognitive Disorders

In a study involving 276 patients with cognitive issues, Aniracetam showcased some promising results. Within just 3 months, patients displayed enhanced emotional states and improved motor functions. By the 6-month mark, there was a noticeable uptick in their cognitive performance. The study concluded that Aniracetam could be a game-changer for those grappling with cognitive deficits, with the benefits lasting throughout the 12-month research period. An added bonus? It seemed to stabilize the emotions of those with dementia. Study

2. Aniracetam: A Possible Antidepressant?

Age-related brain dysfunction can lead to depression. But there’s some good news on the horizon. A 2001 study in Psychopharmacology found that Aniracetam might help combat this. How? By stimulating dopamine release, a neurotransmitter linked to mood and pleasure. The findings suggest that Aniracetam could be a potential weapon against depression stemming from brain aging. Study

3. Boosting Learning & Memory with Aniracetam

In a series of tests involving rats and mice, Aniracetam flexed its cognitive-enhancing muscles. Whether the animals were subjected to drug-induced memory loss scenarios or electric shock avoidance tests, one thing was clear: Aniracetam was a consistent performer. No matter the challenge, it seemed to bolster learning and memory capabilities. Study

4. Aniracetam’s Role in Counteracting Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Our daily lives expose us to a barrage of toxins, and these can wreak havoc on our bodies, including our brains. But here’s where Aniracetam might come into play. In a study, pregnant rats were exposed to ethanol and a sweetener similar to saccharin. The offspring, akin to babies born to alcoholic mothers, would typically show significant cognitive impairments. However, when these young rats were treated with Aniracetam post-birth, the game changed. Aniracetam seemed to mend the synaptic transmissions in their brains, effectively reversing the cognitive issues tied to fetal alcohol syndrome. Study

In a nutshell, Aniracetam isn’t just another nootropic. It’s a heavyweight contender in the realm of cognitive enhancers, showing promise in various areas, from mood regulation to memory enhancement. But, as always, it’s essential to approach these findings with a balanced perspective and consult with professionals when considering any new treatment.

Aniracetam Dosage: Striking the Right Balance

Daily Dosage: Starting Off

For those just dipping their toes into the Aniracetam pool, starting with a moderate dose is the way to go. Typically, a daily dosage of 750mg to 1500mg is recommended for beginners. This can be split into two or three doses throughout the day to ensure a steady stream of the compound in your system.

Upping the Ante: When More Might be Needed

Like a seasoned gym-goer adjusting weights, there might come a time when you feel the need to adjust your Aniracetam dosage. Consider upping your dose if you’re not experiencing the desired effects after a few weeks. However, it’s crucial to tread with caution. While some users report taking up to 3000mg daily without adverse effects, listening to your body and consulting with a healthcare professional is essential. Remember, more isn’t always better.

Timing is Everything

Aniracetam, with its relatively short half-life, works best when its intake is spread out. Consider taking your doses in the morning and early afternoon. This ensures that you reap the benefits during your most active hours without potentially disrupting your sleep.

The Fat-Soluble Factor

Here’s where Aniracetam stands out from many of its nootropic peers: it’s fat-soluble. This means that for optimal absorption, it’s best taken with a source of healthy fats. Whether you’re sitting down to a meal rich in avocados, nuts, and fatty fish or simply taking a tablespoon of unrefined coconut oil, MCT oil or extra virgin olive oil, ensure that fats are on the menu. This isn’t just a quirky preference; it’s biochemistry. By pairing Aniracetam with fats, you’re ensuring that your body absorbs and utilizes the compound to its fullest potential.

Aniracetam Side Effects: The Straight Talk

Alright, fellas, let’s dive straight into it. When it comes to Aniracetam, there’s one side effect that stands out: Choline Headaches. Here’s the lowdown: Aniracetam boosts the use of acetylcholine in your brain, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning. As it gets used up, you might feel a headache coming on. That’s where choline steps in. It’s like the fuel for acetylcholine. By adding some choline to your regimen, like through Alpha GPC or Citicoline, you’re essentially refilling the tank, keeping those headaches at bay.

Now, onto the other stuff. Some guys mention stomach issues or a bit of insomnia with Aniracetam. The trick? Take it with some food, especially fats, and watch your timing to avoid sleep troubles. A few even talk about mood swings or dizziness, but it’s less common. And on the rare side, there’s the occasional report of skin reactions. Look, everyone’s different.

Optimal Nootropic Stacks with Aniracetam: Unlocking Synergy

Navigating the vast world of nootropics, you’ll often hear about the power of “stacking” – combining different nootropic supplements together to amplify their effects. Aniracetam, a standout in the racetam family, is frequently at the center of these discussions. But what are the best companions for Aniracetam? Drawing from scientific research, professional insights, and the experiences of seasoned neurohackers, let’s delve into the most synergistic stacks to supercharge Aniracetam’s potential.

Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline (Citicoline)

Why: Aniracetam can tap into the brain’s acetylcholine reserves. Both Alpha GPC and CDP-Choline replenish choline, the precursor to acetylcholine, ensuring a steady supply for cognitive processes and warding off side effects like the notorious “choline headache.”

Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)

Why: Omega-3s, particularly DHA, are essential for brain cell health and communication. When combined with Aniracetam, it can amplify neurotransmitter modulation, fostering optimal cognitive function.

L-Theanine

Why: L-Theanine is celebrated for promoting calmness and enhancing alpha brain waves. It can temper Aniracetam’s stimulatory nature, resulting in a focused yet relaxed mental state.

Bacopa Monnieri Extract

Why: This herbal nootropic Bacopa is known to improve memory. When stacked with Aniracetam, the duo can significantly enhance memory-related functions.

Rhodiola Rosea

Why: Rhodiola, an adaptogen, fights fatigue and sharpens cognitive abilities. Its combination with Aniracetam offers sustained mental vigor, even in stressful situations.

Lion’s Mane Mushroom

Why: Lion’s Mane promotes neuron growth and provides neuroprotection. Its synergy with Aniracetam offers a fortified support system for cognitive health.

Ginkgo Biloba

Why: Ginkgo Biloba, a revered natural nootropic, complements Aniracetam beautifully. Its capacity to enhance cerebral blood flow pairs well with Aniracetam’s cognitive benefits. Additionally, Ginkgo’s antioxidant properties offer neuroprotection, and its ability to enhance memory aligns seamlessly with Aniracetam’s strengths.

Huperzine-A

Why: Huperzine-A acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. This mechanism, coupled with Aniracetam’s use of acetylcholine, can amplify cognitive outcomes, particularly in the realms of memory and learning.

Where to Buy Aniracetam?

Navigating the market for Aniracetam can be a bit tricky. Unlike many other products, it’s not readily available on popular e-commerce platforms like Amazon. This scarcity can make sourcing high-quality Aniracetam a challenge for many. However, there’s good news for those on the hunt.

I’ve personally turned to Paradigm Peptides for Aniracetam and other nootropics. I’ve been using them frequently, and I’ve always been satisfied with the quality and service they provide. If you’re looking for a reliable source for Aniracetam, I’d highly recommend checking them out.

Bringing It All Together: The Real Deal with Aniracetam

Alright, guys, let’s cut through the noise. We’ve dived deep into the world of Aniracetam, and here’s the straight talk: this stuff might just be the secret sauce many of us have been looking for. In the hustle and bustle of today’s world, where we’re juggling work, social life, and everything in between, having a mental edge can make all the difference. Aniracetam isn’t just about boosting brainpower; it’s about feeling more at ease in social situations and genuinely connecting with others. So, if you’re like me, always on the lookout for that little something to give you an edge, Aniracetam might be worth a shot. Dive in, give it a go, and see how it vibes with you. After all, life’s too short not to explore every avenue to be our best selves. Stay curious, stay grounded, and let’s navigate this journey together. Cheers!

FAQ’s

Q: How does Aniracetam compare to other cognitive enhancers in terms of boosting cognitive performance?

A: Aniracetam is a popular nootropic supplement known for its potential cognitive-enhancing effects. Compared to other cognitive enhancers, Aniracetam is believed to improve both cognitive functions and cognitive and affective behavior, though individual results may vary.


Q: Are there any studies on Aniracetam’s cognitive effects or on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A: While Aniracetam is primarily researched for its cognitive enhancement properties, some studies suggest it might benefit those with ADHD. However, more research is needed to confirm its efficacy in managing ADHD symptoms.


Q: Can Aniracetam be considered a natural nootropic or is it a synthetic compound?

A: Aniracetam is a synthetic compound. Unlike natural nootropics like Ginkgo Biloba or Bacopa Monnieri extract, Aniracetam is chemically formulated, but it’s still favored by many for its cognitive enhancing effects.


Q: How does Aniracetam impact mental performance in healthy individuals?

A: In healthy individuals, Aniracetam has been reported to boost mental performance, particularly in areas like working memory and information processing speed. However, as with all cognitive enhancers, effects can vary from person to person.


Q: Are there any known interactions between Aniracetam and other smart drugs or dietary supplements?

A: Aniracetam, like other smart drugs, can have interactions with certain dietary supplements and medications. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before combining Aniracetam with other substances.


Q: How does Aniracetam affect brain cells and cognitive functions in cases of mild cognitive impairment?

A: Aniracetam is believed to support brain health by potentially benefiting brain cells and increasing blood flow. Some studies suggest it might be beneficial for those with mild cognitive impairment, though more research is needed.


Q: How does Aniracetam influence alert mental state and reasoning skills in college students?

A: Aniracetam is popular among college students for its potential to enhance alertness and improve reasoning skills, especially during periods of study and exams. However, individual results can vary, and it’s essential to use it responsibly.

References

  1. Nakamura, K. (2002). Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism. European Journal of Pharmacology, 435(2-3), 171-178.

  2. O’Neill, M. J., Bleakman, D., Zimmerman, D. M., & Nisenbaum, E. S. (2004). AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of CNS disorders. Current Drug Targets. CNS and Neurological Disorders, 3(3), 181-194.

  3. Martin, J. R., Moreau, J. L., & Jenck, F. (1995). Aniracetam reverses memory deficits in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 50(4), 687-692.

  4. Shirane, M., & Nakamura, K. (2001). Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP. Brain Research, 916(1-2), 211-221.

  5. Koliaki, C., Spinos, T., Spinou, M., Brinia, M. E., Mitsopoulou, D., & Katsilambros, N. (2013). Defining the Optimal Dietary Approach for Safe, Effective and Sustainable Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Adults. Healthcare, 5(3), 29.

  6. O’Neil, M. J., Smith, A., & Heckelman, P. E. (2001). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Merck.

  7. Gouliaev, A. H., & Senning, A. (1994). Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics. Brain Research Reviews, 19(2), 180-222.

  8. Paradigm Peptides. (2021). Aniracetam. [Online Store].



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